Nurturing
touch during pregnancy, labor, and the postpartum period is not a new concept.
Cultural and anthropological studies reveal that massage and movement during
the childbearing experience was and continues to be a prominent part of many
cultures’ healthcare.1 Studies indicate that most of the more
peaceful cultures use touch prominently during pregnancy and early childhood.2 Midwives, who for centuries have provided
maternity care, have highly developed hands-on skills.
Current
research on the benefits of touch is providing a contemporary basis for its
reintroduction in many technological societies, including the United States.
Scientists have found that rats restricted from cutaneous self-stimulation had
poorly developed placentas and 50% less mammary gland development. Their
litters were often ill, stillborn, or died shortly after birth due to poor
mothering skills.3 Pregnant women
massaged twice weekly for 5 weeks experienced less anxiety, leg and back pain.
They reported better sleep and improved moods, and their labors had fewer
complications, including less premature births.4 Studies show
that when women received nurturing touch during later pregnancy they touch
their babies more frequently and lovingly.5 During
labor the presence of a doula, a woman providing physical and emotional
support, including extensive touching and massage, reduces the length of labor
and number of complications, interventions, medications, and Cesareans.6
Why Prenatal
Massage Therapy?
Profound
local and systemic changes in a woman's physiology occur as a result of
conception and the process of labor. Changes during pregnancy span the
psychological, physiological, spiritual, and social realms. Massage therapy may
help a woman approach her due date with less anxiety, as well as less physical
discomfort.7
A
typical session performed by a therapist specializing in pre- and perinatal
massage therapy can address pregnancy’s various physical challenges: postural
changes, pain in the lower back, pelvis, or hips, and edema. Touch during
pregnancy may facilitate gestation by supporting cardiac function, placental
and mammary development, and
increasing cellular respiration.8 It also may reduce depression and stress
by contributing to sympathetic nervous system sedation. 9 Deep
tissue, trigger point, and both active and passive movements alleviate stress
on weight-bearing joints and myofascial structures, especially the sacroiliac
and lumbosacral joints, lumbar spine, hips, and pelvic musculature.10 Structural balancing and postural
reeducation reduce neck and back pain caused by improper posture and strain to
the uterine ligaments. Prenatal massage therapy also may facilitate ease of
labor by preparing the muscles for release and support during childbirth.11
Beyond
these physical effects, an effective prenatal massage therapy session provides
emotional support. In the safe care of a focused, nurturing therapist, many
women unburden their worries, fears, and other anxieties about childbearing.
Bodywork may help the mother-to-be develop the sensory awareness necessary to
birth more comfortably and actively. Laboring women whose partners learned and
provided basic massage strokes to their backs and legs had shorter, less complicated
labors. 87% of these massaged women were more satisfied with their partners’
support during labor.12 Imagine the
benefits generated by the skilled hands of a trained touch specialist!
The Postpartum
Period
Beginning
with the baby’s birth, a new mother must cope with more changes. She is
typically only 10 to 12 pounds lighter, yet she is still maintaining her body
with an anterior weight load posture. Additional musculoskeletal stresses occur
during the many hours of feeding, carrying and other newborn care. The massage
practitioner may facilitate proprioceptive reprogramming to gently return the
body to its pre-pregnancy state, to alleviate pain, and to bring about a
renewed sense of body and self.13
Postpartum
sessions often focus on relaxation, physiological recovery and pain relief.
Longer- term care may normalize pelvic position and re-pattern overall body
use. Postpartum massage sessions may restore functional muscle use in the
lumbar spine area14, as well as strengthen and increase tonus in the
abdominal musculature stretched and separated by pregnancy. Additionally, the
overtaxed, hypotoned iliopsoas muscle functions can be improved. Upper back
muscles which now support larger breasts and the carried infant’s weight need
attention to reduce strain, and to help maintain flexibility despite the
physical stresses of infant feeding and care.
For
post-Cesarean mothers, specific therapeutic techniques also can reduce scar
tissue formation and facilitate the healing of the incision and related soft
tissue areas, as well as support the somato-emotional integration of her
childbearing experience.15
Qualified Pre-
& Perinatal Massage Therapists
While
approximately three quarters of pregnancies proceed normally and are
uncomplicated by medical conditions16, it is still advisable for
massage therapists to be knowledgeable about pre- and perinatal physiology,
high risk factors, and complications of pregnancy. Even without problems
developing, physiological changes necessitate modifications to or elimination
of various techniques and methodologies, depending on the individual and the
trimester of pregnancy. When medical conditions develop, additional adaptations
and consultation with physicians and/or midwives prior to sessions is prudent.
Additional specific specialized training in prenatal and perinatal massage
therapy helps to qualify massage therapists to safely and effectively meet
women’s many and complex needs.
Somatic
practitioners will find reliable, detailed, research- based protocols and
contraindications in the second edition of
Pre- and Perinatal Massage Therapy, and in other media and training
programs created by this author. For those seeking comprehensive hands-on
training and certification as a maternity massage specialist, practitioners should
consider enrolling in the upcoming 32-hour technique certification workshop.
This book and
these training programs have developed from over 37 years as a somatic
practitioner and educator and 30 years of specialization in maternity and
infant massage. Students benefit from a continually expanding body of
knowledge, research, clinical experience, and consultations with other
perinatal health care providers.
The highly
qualified instructors of Pre- and Perinatal Massage Therapy offer a safe and
comprehensive approach to pregnancy, labor, and postpartum massage therapy.
They also encourage an empathetic, non-judgmental attitude in supporting
women's 'pregnant feelings’. These certification workshops include over 80
techniques specifically adapted for pre- and perinatal needs, and the practical
marketing strategies, ethics, and skills to elicit collaboration with other
perinatal specialists and to build a successful pre- and perinatal massage
therapy practice.
These courses
are approved by the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage and
Bodywork (32 continuing education credits). Each workshops and staff is also
approved by the Florida Board of Massage (and other local state boards as
required) and the California Board of Registered Nursing; meet current American
Massage Therapy Association continuing education standards; can be used for
Associated Bodywork and Massage Professionals membership; and can be used for
continuing education credit with Doulas of North America.
Skilled,
nurturing touch is good for moms and their babies, and for the family of
humanity. As complementary healthcare research expands, more data validate
improved outcomes from maternity massage therapy. With over 4 million American
women pregnant annually, this is a viable and satisfying niche market for
therapeutic massage and bodywork practitioners to pursue.
Author:
Carole
Osborne has been a somatic practitioner since 1974, specializing in maternity
care since 1980. In addition to private practice, she has worked in osteopathic,
psychological, and women’s medical settings. She is author of Deep Tissue Sculpting, Pre- and Perinatal Massage Therapy, 2nd
edition and is a widely sought-after continuing education provider. In 2008,
the AMTA Council of Schools presented Carole with the National Teacher of the
Year Award, a high point of her 37 years as a somatic arts and sciences
educator. She is also a
contributor to Teaching Massage and
many massage therapy publications.
To order a book
or to learn more about workshops, contact the local sponsor for Portland, East
West College at 503-233-6500 or www.eastwestcollegecom
, or for Seattle, Simkin Center for Allied Birth Vocations 425-602-3361 or www.bastyr.edu/continunged.
Call Carole at
Body Therapy Associates - (800) 586-8322 or (858) 277-8827.
Facebook page:
Carole Osborne’s Prenatal and Deep Tissue Massage Training
###
[photos
available upon request.]
References:
1 Goldsmith, J. Childbirth Wisdom. New York: Congdon and Weed, 1984.
2 Prescott, J.
Prevention or Therapy and the Politics of Trust: Inspiring a New Human
Agenda. Psychotherapy and Politics International 2005;3:194-221.
DOI:10,1002/ppi.6. http:..www.violence.de/Prescott/politics-trust.pdf. Accessed
2/6/2009.
3 Rosenblatt, J.S. and D.S. Lehrman. Maternal
behavior of the laboratory rat. Maternal
Behavior in Mammals, Wiley, New York, 1963, p. 14.
4 Field, T., M.
Hernandez-Reif, S. Hart, et al. Pregnant women benefit from massage therapy. J. Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology,
20(1), March, 1999, 31-38.
5
Rubin, R. Maternal Touch. Nurs Outlook, 11/1963,
828-31
6
Klaus, K, Kennell, J., Klaus, P. The Doula Book: How a Trained Labor
Companion Can Help You Have a Shorter, Easier, and Healthier Birth. New
York: DeCapo Press, 2002.
7
Field T. Diego MA, Hernandez-Reid M, et al.
Massage therapy effects on depressed pregnant women. J Psychos Obstet Gynecol 2004;25:115-122.
8
Roth LL, Rosenblatt JS. Mammary glands of
pregnant rats: development stimulated by licking. Science 1996; 264:1403-1404.
9
Field, 2004.
10
Pryde M. Effectiveness of massage therapy for
subacute low-back pain. A randomized controlled trial. Can Med Assoc J 2000;162(13):1815-1820.
11
Bodner-Adler B, Bodner K, Mayerhofer, K.
Perineal massage during pregnancy in primiparous women. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2002.
12
Chang M, Wang S, Chen C. Effects of massage on
pain and anxiety during labour: a randomized controlled trial in Taiwan. J Adv Nurs, 2002 Apr; 38 (1):68-73.
13
Pirie A and Herman H. How to Raise Children
Without Breaking Your Back. Second edition. W. Somerville, MA: Ibis Publications, 2003.
14
Quebec Task Force on Spinal Disorders.
Scientific approach to the assessment and management of activity-related spinal
disorders. Spine,
12:Supplement 1, 1987.
15
Andrade C-K and Clifford P. Outcome-Based Massage: From Evidence to Practice. Second Edition.
Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, 2008.
16
Ricci S. Essentials
of Maternity, Newborn and Women’s Health Nursing. 2nd Ed.
Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009.